The meaning of Human being In philosophy, by Dr abdeljabbar choukri

الحلقة 1

In this research  .we will examine different philosophical accounts of what it means to be a self and to be other. Our presumption will be that we as human beings are more than mere material bodies and we will inquire into the different ways in which philosophers from different eras have attempted to define the human being as a self  ego and as the other.That s means in this case according to the philosophical perception . The human being is divided into two parts.

- first when a person is present with himself, he exists as a person and as a ego.

- second  when  this person is present with an other person . he exists  as an other.

- As a treatment of the meaning of human nature, the philosophy considers the human person as physical being, as knower, as responsible agent, as a person in relation to other persons, to society, to God, and to the end, or purpose, of human life.

In this case I do not touch several aspects that characterize   specifically human being, such as conscious awareness, reason and knowledge, freedom, time (past and future) in this being or personal identity, embodiment, and responsibility.

In doing so, I will discuss and I will focus only my presentation on answering  the question concerning the relation between  self and other in modern philosophy.

Exactly I focus my intervention on man as other being in modern philosophy.

We know that  existence of a person is separated from the outside world constitutes a single and isolated entity. But even this isolation and separation the other is always presents in atmosphere of person and The other is present in the person's daily living.

In this context, we treat the following problematic :

How the person perceives and realizes the presence of other in front of him according to philosophy?

What does it mean to be human as a other in front of person ?

I will choose three philosophers to answer this problematic:

1 – Maurice  Merleau-Ponty

2 – jean Paul Sartre

3 –Edmond Husserl

يتبــــــــــــــــــــــــع

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الحلقــــــــــة 2

1 – Maurice Merleau- Ponty 

was a French phenomenological philosopher, Best known for his original and influential work on embodiment, perception, and ontology

The constitution of meaning in human experience was his main interest and he wrote on perception At the core of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is a sustained argument for the foundational role perception plays in understanding the other human and the world .

Merleau-Ponty emphasized the body as the primary site of knowing the world, a corrective to the long philosophical tradition of placing consciousness as the source of knowledge.

and maintained that the body and that which it perceived could not be disentangled from each other. 

The articulation of the primacy of embodiment led him away from phenomenology towards what he was to call “indirect ontology”.

 Merleau -Ponty believes that a person perceives  the existence of other in two forms of existence.

-The first   existence of the oder is the being in itself. Being in itself means the external physical properties of other and here is the body.

 The other is manifested to a person as a body . The other man is presented as a body.

- the second existence of the other is being for itself , it means  that the other  appears here as a consciousness he thinks, chooses, and behaves freely and willingly, this being for itself is an intangible, and moral existence.

يتبــــــــــــــــــــــــــع 

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الحلقة 3

2 – jean Paul Sartre

upon the construction of a philosophy of existence known as existentialism. Sartre's early works  by a development of classic phenomenology. He established a conception of the self and of the other .  whose purpose is to understand human existence rather than the world as such. Adopting and adapting the methods of phenomenology, Sartre sets out to develop an ontological account of what it is to be human.

.

Sartre’s ontology is explained in his philosophy. he defines two types of reality which lie beyond our conscious experience: the being of the other . The object of consciousness is the other being. in this case the person, according to Sartre, perceives  the other  in two forms of existence :

-The first existence is a negative existence . It mean, when a person is alone, he exercises his absolute freedom in his speech and his movements, but when the other appears in front of the person, he deprives him of this freedom, so the person cannot utters anything words or act with anything behavior. This perception  of the other here is a negative awareness because a person loses his human being as a free person

- the second existence of the other according to Sartre is called  a positive being of the other . it means that when a person watches himself so he prevents himself from making mistakes and at the same time he aware himself and his being by comparing himself with the other.

يتبــــــــــــــــــع

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الحلقـــــــــــــة 4

3 - Edmond Husserl

He was a German philosopher who established the school of phenomenology .

Phenomenology  is the philosophical study of the structures of experience and consciousness

In this context, Husserl said that the experience of being in front of a person constitutes a dual existence , that combines awareness and experience , , It means that other appears  in front of the person as a consciousness and as a personal experience in front of the person.

that he wants to say is that a person perceives others in two forms of existence:

-The first existence  is self- beieng .

-The second existence is objective - being.

 The first existence as a self- beieng . It means that other appears in front of the person as a consciences . that the Other thinks, chooses and acts only through his own consciousness. 

Something within one's mind is 'introspectively conscious' just in case one introspects it (or is poised to do so). Introspection is often thought to deliver one's primary knowledge of one's mental life.

<>-The second existence is a objective-being in front of the person .

It means that other carries in his consciousness the existence of an objective external world, and precisely carries in his consciousness his experiences in this objective external world.  The other through those experiences thinks, chooses, and acts, so he does all those from his experiences in the objective external world that he carries in his consciousn

This awareness in his relationship with the outside world is called by Husserl 'phenomenally conscious' is a perceptual experience, such as tastings and seeings; bodily-sensational experiences, such as those of pains, tickles and itches; imaginative experiences, such as those of one's own actions or perceptions; and streams of thought, as in the experience of thinking 'in words' or 'in images'. 

 An experience or other mental entity is 'phenomenally conscious' just in case there is 'something it is like' for one to have it. The clearest examples are: perceptual experience, such as tastings and seeings; bodily-sensational experiences, such as those of pains, tickles and itches; imaginative experiences, such as those of one's own actions or perceptions; and streams of thought, as in the experience of thinking 'in words' or 'in images'. Introspection and phenomenality seem independent, or dissociable, although this is controversial.[

Is The having of perceptions, thoughts, and feelings; awareness. 

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Doctor abdeljabbar choukri

Psychologist and sociologist

Research professor of psychology and sociology

 - Research professor of psychology and sociology

- Member of the International Union of Arab Poets and  Writers

 - Member of the Union of Arab Intellectuals

 - Member of the Arab Poets, Writers and Creators

Foundation

- Member of the modern encyclopedia of Arab poets and writers

 - Member of YARAA literature poetry / story /

criticism